lonization Levels in the Reciprocal System David Halprin

It is stated in the texts how to calculate atomic mass from atomic number A, = 2.Z + G where G represents gravitational charge and can be represented by

_9T(Z+ky a 1408

where the inter-regional ratio 156.4 = 1408/9 and where k = 0 according to Dewey Larson. One would suppose that given any two variables out of A,, Z & I one could ascertain the remaining one from the equation.

If one looks at the atomic mass table one would hope for agreement in most cases, using Z & I, and since this does not happen often enough, I have solved for the unknown I, using the atomic masses of this era, as illustrated in the following tables.

Theory says that we should expect I = 1, since it must be an integer.

The equation leads to unexpected values for I, both positive and negative, which this writer can only have rough guesses about, but also the variations from expected results are such, that “k” can be 2 more often than zero to find agreement with the actual atomic masses.

The concept of Ionization Level is not explicit in the postulates and therefore is claimed by Larson as consequential from the postulates, although this is not clearly shown, so by accepting it in good faith, it can then be put to the test, and although there is a suggestion of being on the right track, there still remains a lot to be clarified.

Larson looks upon the change from one ionization level to another as analogous to a transition of a solid to a liquid, or a liquid to a gas, yet if one reads the texts one can look upon it as a result of a gradual build up of isotopes by the acquisition of neutrinos over millions of years, in which case there is no reason to expect integer values nor is there an apparent reason to believe that all elements will be at identical levels at the same time, since there are factors which come to play, such as abundance of the individual elements as well as their very individualistic make up of compounded vibrations/rotations. So it seems impossible to aver that the elements must all be exactly at the same ionization level, and the following tables attest to that. (See at end of paper)

To explain the 12 columns: 1) This is clearly Z = Atomic Number 2) This is clearly A = Atomic Mass (Actual)

3-4) These two columns assume that the Atomic Mass is exactly as calculated by Larson’s equation and agrees with the currently published tables of Atomic masses, therefore we have to solve for I = Ionization level, and column 3 has k = 0 as does Larson, and column 4 has k = 2 as suggested by me, for comparison. So the values printed in columns 3 & 4 are the Ionization Levels obtained from the equation, which should all be close to unity, but are not so.

5-12) These columns give a chance of comparing k-values ranging from -3 up to 4 and, using Larson's equation, including my k-variable, we can calculate the theoretical atomic mass, Ax,

2 Ionization Levels in the Reciprocal System

and compare it with the actual known atomic mass, A, as a percentage.

Column 8 is where k = 0 and is therefore most relevant to Larson while the other 7 allow one to look for a better value for “k” if it were to exist.

Now to my analysis of the following columns.

Out of 103 elements with stated atomic masses, we should subtract two groups of them, in order to find proper meaning for worthwhile deductions, since these ones are extreme examples.

The first group contains those elements, only known to have an integral atomic mass, despite their many unstable isotopes, and could hardly be expected to conform to a general formula.(=15)

These are: 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102 & 103, (and probably the rest of them from 104 to 117).

The second group contains those elements, whose non-conformity with Larson’s equation is so obvious, that explanation for this exceptionality will need to be sought.

These are:1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20 & 28 (=17)

RESULTS Where the percentage figure in the columns is close to 100, they fall into two main groups.

k=0213; 175-21).26, 27, 29.30, 41, 45,4799) 61,63;69..71,, 735. 74,95, 775.78, 79, 60, 812.82, 83, 88,,90:91 92.93;

Total = 30

k=2:9, 11, 22, 23, 24, 25, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 72, 76

Total = 41

So, as you can see, this analysis finds that k = 2 is the hot favorite in the ratio 41:30 1.e. 57.75% of the considered selection, which represents 36.67% more elements favor k = 2.

We see that k = 0 goes well for atomic numbers in the 70s & 80s while k = 2 goes well in the 30s, 40s, 50s & 60s. The worst drop-outs are the first 20.

Since we have a cyclic system where matter enters this sector from the cosmic sector, and as it enters it has to undergo boundary changes, which include the taking on of gravitational charge (s), may it not be that the above equation A, = 2.Z + G should be amended to At = 2.Z + m.G where “m” varies from zero to greater than | according to some suggestion, yet to be formulated? Then you can see that m = 0 satisfies the first 19 elements after hydrogen fairly well!

Ionization Levels in the Reciprocal System

PERCENTAGE ACCURACY OF LARSON ATOMIC MASS (A1) COMPARED WITH ACTUAL ATOMIC MASS (A)

APPARENT IONIZATION LEVEL 100 4, ASSUMING a a A,=A A i ASSUMING ALL IONIZATION AT LEVEL I(Z+ky ‘ ATOMIC ATOMIC | A,=2Z DEE) A,=2 742k NUMBER MASS 1408 1408

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 00 9 10 i 12

I I k k k k k k k k

e = k=0 k=2 3 2 A 0 1 2 3 4 1: Hydrogen 1.00794 “155.19 -17.24] 200.95] 199.04] 198.41] 199.04] 200.95| 204.12] 208.55] 214.26 2: Helium 4.00260 0.1017 0.0254] 100.09} 99.94) 100.09] 100.57} 101.37| 102.49] 103.93] 105.68 3: Lithium 6.941 16.357 5.8886| 86.44] _86.53| 86.81, 87.27| 87.91|_ 88.75| _89.75| 90.96 4: Beryllium 9.01218 8.9248 4.4110] 88.81| 89.02) 89.37| 89.87/ 90.51] 91.29] 92.21] 93.27 5: Boron 10.81 5.0688 2.5861| 92.74 93.04] 93.45] 93.98] 94.63] 95.40| 96.29] 97.30 6: Carbon 12.0111 0.0482 0.0271] 100.39] 100.76| 101.24] 101.82) 102.52/ 103.31) 104.22} 105.23 7; Nitrogen 14.0067 0.0214 0.0164] 100.68| 101.09] 101.59] 102.19| 102.87| 103.64) 104.52) 105.47 8: Oxygen 15.9994 *0.0014 -0.00094| 101.00) 101.44} 101.96} 102.56} 103.24] 104.00] 104.84) 105.76 9: Fluorine 18.998403 1.9283 1.2909} 95.96] 96.39} 96.90] 97.47; 98.11 98.81] 99.59} 100.43 0: Neon 20.179 0.2847 0.1977| 100.65] 101.12| 101.66] 102.26| 102.93) 103.66| 104.45) 105.31 1: Sodium 22,98977 1.2797 0.9163) 97.47| 97.95} 98.47] 99.06} 99.70] 100.39] 101.14) 101.95 2: Magnesium 24.305 0.3390 0.2490] 100.85] 101.35 101.90] 102.50} 103.16] 103.87| 104.63| 105.45 3: Aluminum 26.98154 0.9072 0.6814] 98.74] 99.23} 99.77] 100.37| 101.01| 101.70) 102.43) 103.21 4: Silicon 28.0855 0.0686 0.0526] 102.45] 102.97| 103.54] 104.15| 104.81| 105.52} 106.27| 107.07 5: Phosphorus 30.97376 0.6771 0.5271, 99.83| 100.34] 100.90] 101.50| 102.14) 102.82) 103.54) 104.31 6: Sulphur 32.06 0.0391 0.0309] 103.17] 103.71| 104.29] 104.90| 105.56] 106.26| 107.00| 107.77 7: Chlorine 35.453 0.8353 0.6687| 99.43] _99.96| 100.52| 101.11} 101.74/ 102.41/ 103.11] _103.a5 8: Argon 39.948 1.9063 1.5441| 93.72] 94.21] 94.74) 95.30] 95.89] 96.51| _97.17| __ 97.86 9: Potassium 39.0983 0.4767 0.3902] 101.37] 101.91| 102.48] 103.09] 103.72| 104.40! 105.10; 105.83 20: Calcium 40.08 0.0313 0.0259] 102.56] 103.11] 103.90] 104.31| 104.95] 105.62} 106.33| 107.06 21: Scandium 44.9559 1.0486 0.8742| 98.03] _ 98.56] 99.11] _99.70| 100.31| 100.95! 101.61| 102.31 22: Titanium 47.88 1.2606 1.0593| 96.68] 97.20; 97.74) 98.32} 98.92] 99.54] 100.20| 100.89 23: Vanadium 50.9415 1.4612 1.2368] 95.32] 95.83) 96.37| 96.94] 97.52| 98.14] 98.78] 99.45 24: Chromium 51.996 1.0853 0.9248] 97.74] 98.26] _98.82| 99.40} 100.00] 100.63] 101.28} 101.95 25: Manganese 54,9380 1.2360 1.0597| 96.64] 97.17; 97.71} 98.28] 98.88] 99.49] 100.13! 100.80 26: Iron 55.847 0.8903 0.7677| 99.17| 99.70] 100.27] 100.85| 101.46) 102.08) 102.74) 103.41 27: Cobalt 58.9332 1.0587 0.9177| 97.88] 98.41} 98.96] 99.53] 100.13] 100.75] 101.39} 102.05 28: Nickel 58.69 0.5408 0.4711| 102.19) 102.74] 103.32] 103.92) 104.54) 105.1B| 105.55| 106.53 29: Copper 63.546 1.0315 0.9027] 98.07} 98.61| 99.16] 99.73] 100.33, 100.94) 101.57; 102.23 30: Zinc 68.38 0.9352 0.8219 98.90/ 99.44) 99.99] 100.57| 101.17] 101.78} 102.42) 103.07 31: Gallium 69.72 1.2568 1.1090; 96.11] 96.64; 97.18) 97.74} 98.32] 98.91| 99.53} 100.16 32: Germanium 72.59 1.3124 1.1625} 95.57| 96.09} 96.63| 97.18] 97.75] 98.35] 98.95] 99.58 33: Arsenic 74,9216 1.2817 1.1394} 93.77] 96.29} 96.83) 97.38] 97.95] 98.54] 99.14] 99.77 34: Selenium 78.96 1.4832 13230] 95.90] 94.41] 94.94) 95.48} 96.04] 96.61| 97.20| __ 97.81 35: Bromine 79.904 1.2647 1.1317| 95.80] 96.32} 96.85) 97.41] 97.97 98.55] 99.16| 99.77 36: Krypton 83.80 1.4244 1.2784| 94.23} 94.74] 95.26] 95.80] 96.36] 96.93] 97.52] 98.12 37: Rubidium 85.4678 1.3103 1.1794; 95.23] 95.75} 96.28) 96.82] 97.38] 97.96] 98.55| 99.16 38: Strontium 87.62 1.2589 1.1362| _95.67| 96.19} 96.73) 97.27] 97.83] 98.41] 99.00; 99.61 39: Yttrium 88.9059 1.1216 1.0149| 97.05] 97.57) 98.12| 98.67; 99.24) 99.82] 100.42} 101.03 40: Zirconium 91.22 1.0971 0.9951| 97.29] _97.82| 98.36] 98.91 99.47] 100.06| 100.66, 101.27 41: Niobium 92,9064 1.0150 0.9228] 98.20] 98.73] 99.27] _99.82| 100.40] 100.98] 101.58] 102.19 42: Molybdenum 95.94 1.0589 0.9648] 97.69] _98.21| 98.75] 98.31} 99.31] 100.48] 101.04} 101.65 43. Technetium 98 1.0999 1,0043| 97.20] 97.72) 98.26] 98.81! 99.37| 99.94] 100.53] 101.13 44: Ruthenium 101.07 1.0586 0.9685| _97.67| 98.20] 98.73] _99.28| 99.84) 100.42| 101.01) 101.61 45: Rhodium 102.9055 0.9971 0.9140] _98.42| 98.94] 99.48] 100.04] 100.60| 101.18 101.77| 102.37 46: Palladium 106.42 1.0647 0.9778| _97.57| 98.10] _98.63| 99.18] 99.73] 100.30] 100.89] _ 101.49 47. Silver 107.8682 0.9823 0.9037| 98.61} 99.14] 99.68] 100.23 100.79] 101.37| 101.96] 102.55 48: Cadmium 112.41 1.1136 1.0263} _96.93| 97.44) 97.97) 98.51] _99.06| _99.62| 100.20] _ 100.78 49: Indium 114.82 1.0960 1.0117, 97.13] 97.65] 98.18] 98.72) _99.27| 99.83| 100.40| 100.99 50: Tin 118.69 1.1696 1.0813} 96.15} 96.66] 97.18] 97.72] 98.26| 98.82) 99.38] 99.96 51: Antimony 121.75 1.1879 1.1000} 95.87} 96.38} _96.90| 97.43] _97.97| 98.52 99.08] 99.66 52: Tellurium 127.60 1.3654 1.2661} 93.53} 94.03} 94.53] 95.05/ 95.57| 96.11] 96.66] 97.21 53: lodine 126.9045 1.1642 1.0811 96.12} 96.63} 97.15] _97.67| 98.22| 98.76] 99.32] 99.89 54: Xenon 131.29 1.2501 1.1624} 94.92} 95.42} 95.93) 96.45] 96.98] 97.52] 98.07] 98.63 55: Cesium 132.9054 1.1846 1.1030; 95.77; 96.27; 96.79| 97.31] 97.85} 98.39] 98.94) 99.51

4 Ionization Levels in the Reciprocal System PERCENTAGE ACCURACY OF LARSON ATOMIC MASS (A,) COMPARED WITH ACTUAL ATOMIC MASS (A) APPARENT IONIZATION LEVEL 100 4, ASSUMING “4 A,=A - L ASSUMING ALL IONIZATION AT LEVEL 91(Z+k) ; ATOMIC ATOMIC) A,=2Z+ ( A,=2Z 4 UZ+ky NUMBER MASS 1408 1408

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 00 9 10 in 12

I I k k k k k k k k

a is k=0 k=2 3 2 -l 0 1 2 3 4 56: Barium 37.33 1.2641 1.1784] 94.62] 95.12] 95.63] 96.14] 96.67| 97.20] 97.75| _ 98.30 57: Lanthanum 138.9055 1.1995 1.1195| 95.49| 95.99| _96.50| _97.02| 97.55, 98.09] 98.63] 99.19 53: Cerium 40.12 1.1217 1.0482] 96.59} 97.09] 97.61] 98.13] _98.67|_99.21/ 99.76] 100.32 59: Praseodymium 140.9077 1.0296 0.9632| _97.97| 98.48] 99.00| 99.53} 100.07| 100.62| 101.18| 101.75 60: Neodymium 44,24 1.0534 0.9865| _97.59| _98.10| _98.62| 99.14| 99.68] 100.23] 100.78] 101.34 61: Promethium 145 0.9670 0.9066 98.97 99.48] 100.01| 101.54| 101.03| 101.63] 102.19| 102.76 62: Samarium 50.36 1.0724 1.0064| _97.27|_97.78| _98.29| 98.82] 99.35] _99.89| 100.44| 100.99 63: Europium 51.96 1.0233 0.9613, 98.06] 98.57| _99.09| 99.61 100.15 100.69| 101.24| 101.80 64: Gadolinium 57.25 1.1162 1.0496| 96.52| _97.02| _97.53| 98.05] 98.57|_99.10| 99.65] 100.20 65: Terbium 158.9254 1.0709 1.0079| _97.26| _97.77| 98.28] _98.80| _99.32|_99.86| 100.40| 100.95 66: Dysprosium 62.50 1.0954 1.0319| 96.84] 97.34| _97.85| 98.36] 98.88 99.40| 99.95] 100.50 67: Holmium 164.9304 1.0779 1.0163] _97.12| 97.62| _98.13| 98.64] _99.17|_99.70| 100.24] 100.78 63: Erbium 67.26 1.0576 0.9980| 97.46 97.96] _98.47| 98.98] _99.51| 100.04] 100.57| 101.12 69: Thulium 168.9342 1.0165 0.9600] _98.17| 98.67| 99.18} 99.70] 100.22| 100.76] 101.30/ 101.85 70: Ytterbium 73.04 1.0549 0.9971| _97.49| 97.99| 98.49} 99.00] _99.55| 100.05] 100.59 101.13 71: Lutetium 174.967 1.0232 0.9679 _98.05| _98.55| 99.06] 99.57 100.10] 100.62] 101.16] 101.71 72: Hafnium 78.49 1.0409 0.9853, 97.73, 98.22| 98.73] 99.24] 99.76] 100.29| 100.82| 101.36 73: Tantalum 180.9479 1.0260 0.9720] _98.00| 98.49| _99.00/ 99.51] 100.03| 100.56] 101.09 101.63 74: Tungsten 83.85 1.0242 0.9710, _98.03| 98.52| 99.03} 99.54] 100.06, 100.58| 101.11/ 101.65 75: Rhenium 186.207 1.0068 0.9552| _98.35| 98.85 99.36] _99.86| 100.38] 100.91| 101.44; 101.98 76: Osmium 90.20 1.0347 0.9823] 97.83] 98.32/ _98.82/ 99.33] 99.84] 100.36] 100.89| 101.42 77: Iridium 192.2 1.0085 0.9581, _98.33| 98.82| _99.32/ 99.83] 100.35] 100.87| 101.40| 101.93 73: Platinum 95.08 1.0051 0.9555, _98.39| 98.89| _99.39| 99.90] 100.41/ 100.93] 101.46] 101.99 79: Gold 196.9665 0.9768 0.9292| 98.96] 99.48| 99.96] 100.47| 100.99] 101.51] 102.04| 102.57 80: Mercury 200.59 0.9922 0.9444| 98.66| 99.15| 99.65] 100.16] 100.67, 101.19] 101.72| 102.25 81: Thallium 204.383 1.0108 0.9626 98.29 98.78] 99.28] 99.78] 100.29] 100.80| 101.33] 101.86 82: Lead 207.2 1.0049 0.9576] 98.41 98.90| 99.40 99.90] 100.41/ 100.92] 101.44] 101.97 33: Bismuth 208.9804 0.9760 0.9307| 98.41 98.90| 99.40 _99.90| 100.41/ 100.92| 101.44| 101.97 84: Polonium 209 0.9312 0.8884[ _99.97| 100.47| 100.97| 101.48] 101.99] 102.51] 103.04| 103.57 85: Astatine 210 0.8661 0.8268, 101.42| 101.92/ 102.42| 102.94] 103.46] 103.99| 104.52| 105.06 86: Radon 222 1.0576 1.0101[ 97.31| 97.79| 98.28] _98.77| _99.27|_99.77| 100.28] 100.80 87: Francium 223 1.0128 0.9678| _98.25| 98.74| 99.23] 99.72] 100.22/ 100.73] 101.24| 101.76 88: Radium 226.0254 1.0106 0.9662| _98.30| 98.78 _99.27|_99.77| 100.27| 100.77|_101.29| 101.80 89: Actinium 227.0278 0.9678 0.9257, 99.20] 99.70| 100.22| 100.72| 101.22/ 101.73] 102.24| 102.76 90: Thorium 232.0381 1.0051 0.9618] _98.42| 98.91| 99.39 _99.89| 100.39| 100.89| 101.40| 101.91

Ionization Levels in the Reciprocal System

PERCENTAGE ACCURACY OF LARSON ATOMIC MASS (A,) COMPARED WITH ACTUAL ATOMIC MASS (A) APPARENT IONIZATION 100 A, LEVEL ASSUMING a A,=A a re ASSUMING ALL IONIZATION AT LEVEL 2 2 OT(Z+k O(Z+k ATOMIC ATOMIC A,=2 7 QLlZ +k) A,=2 7+ QlZtky NUMBER MASS 1408 1408 1 2A 2B 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 AL I I Z A k=0 k=0 =2,-2 k=-3 | k=-2 | k=-1 | k=0 k=1 k=2 k=3 k=4 91: Protactinium 231.0359} 234.93) 0.9264 ree 100.20} 100.69} 101.18} 101.68} 102.19] 102.70] 103.22) 103.74 92: Uranium 238.0289) 238.10) 0.9986 Hee 98.57) 99.05} 99.53] 100.03) 100.52) 101.02} 101.S3| 102.05 93: Neptunium 237.0482) 241.28) 0.9234 eet 100.31] 100.79} 101.29} 101.79} 102.29] 102.80] 103.32) 103.84 94: Plutonium 244} 244.48} 0.9915 Leh 98.74) 99.22} 99.71] 100.20) 100.69) 101.19} 101.70} 102.20 95: Americium 243} 247.69} 0.9187 os 100.4S) 100.94] 101.43] 101.92) 102.43) 102.93] 103.45| 103.97 96: Curium 247} 250.91} 0.9336 oe 00.12} 100.60) 101.09} 101.50] 102.08] 102.58] 103.10) 103.61 97: Berkelium 247} 284.14} 0.8812 ee 01.41} 101.90) 102.39] 102.89] 103.39] 103.90] 104.42) 104.92 98: Californium 252} 257.39} 0.9122 nea 01.07} 101.56) 102.05} 102.SS| 103.05] 103.55] 104.07) 104.58 99: Einsteinium 254} 260.65} 0.8939 ate 01.14} 101.63) 102.12} 102.62] 103.12] 103.62] 104.13) 104.6S 00: Fermium 257| 263.92 0.8917 Oe g4| 101.22] 101.71] 102.20] 102.69] 103.19] 103.69) 104.21) 104.72 01: Mendelevium 258} 267.21} 0.8588 rks 02.88] 103.38) 103.88] 104.38] 104.88] 105.40] 105.91) 106.43 02: Nobelium 289) 270.50) 0.8270 ne 04.98] 108.48) 105.98} 106.50] 107.01] 107.53] 108.06) 108.59 03: Lawrencium 260} 273.81} 0.7963 ew! 05.03} 108.52) 106.03} 106.54] 107.05] 107.57] 108.10) 108.63 04: Rutherfordium 261 0.7379 277.14| 0.7666 0.7970 05: Dubnium 0.7105 262} 280.47} 0.7379 0.7668 06: Seaborgium 0.6840 263} 283.82} 0.7101 0.7377 07: Bohrium 262 0.6320 287.18] 0.6559 06811 08: Hassium 265| 290.56 09: Meitnerium 266 0.6095 293.94) 0.6320 0.6559 10: Darmstadtium 269| 297.34 11: Roentgenium 272| 300.76 12: Copernicium 277| 304.18 13: 307.62 14: Flerovium 311.07 13: 314.53 16: Livermorium 318.01 17: Larsonium 321.50